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Overlap in activities and specificities of actively and non-actively transcribed cystatins raises the question if non-transcribed cystatins provide a reservoir for response to particular environments.
Both actively transcribed and non-actively transcribed nodule cystatins inhibited cathepsin-L and B-like activities in different age nodules and they also inhibited papain and cathepsin-L activity when expressed and purified from bacterial cells.
However, these non-actively-transcribed cystatins might also have other specific functions and are only activated under certain biotic and abiotic stress conditions to prevent premature nodule death.
Therefore, for efficient sympathetic cooling of molecular ions it appears that the use of a MOT, where the atomic temperature is held constant by active laser cooling, is a good choice for the ultracold atom reservoir; otherwise, the molecular ions heat the trapped, non-actively cooled sample of ultracold atoms, complicating the production of ultracold molecular ions.
Wang et al., [4] proposed that Pten loss may either increase the pool of stem and early progenitor cells, or that it might be a transforming event in non-actively dividing cells, leading them to acquire self-renewing proliferative potential.
We were finally also interested to determine the interaction affinities between selected actively and non-actively transcribed cystatins during nodule development and senescence.
We included both actively and non-actively transcribed cystatins and cysteine proteases identified through homology searches in the soybean genomic database.
Nevertheless, the xylitol results would have been strengthened if a true non-actively anticariogenic substance such as sorbitol was used as a control as in previous xylitol studies.
This together with the observation that treatment with a CRF2R agonist is effective in preventing loss of non-actively contracting skeletal muscle [ 46, 48] suggest that treatment with a CRF2R agonist may be an important therapeutic intervention for ameliorating the deleterious effects of MV on diaphragm mass and function.
In S. cerevisiae, di- (H3K4me2) or tri- (H3K4me3) methylated lysines are associated with non-active, or actively transcribed sequences, respectively [ 77, 78]; in Arabidopsis, H3K4me2 marks are found at genes, independently of whether they were transcribed or not, while the H3K4me3 marks were enriched at active loci [ 79].
We then compared OC-I and E64 potency with the potency of various recombinant soybean cystatins either actively transcribed or non-active in nodules (Table 2).
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