Si cantilevers (Veeco, Plainview, NY, USA) with a nominal radius of 10 nm were used.
A nanoindenter (Hysitron Triboscope, Minnesota, USA) equipped with a conical liquid diamond indent tip (nominal radius of ~1 μm) was used for the scratch tests.
The surface morphology of the sample was analyzed by AFM operating in tapping mode with a super sharp silicon tip (nominal radius of curvature of 2 nm).
Table 1 Nanoparticle radii results of nanoparticle radii simulated measurements for nanoparticles with nominal radius of 30 nm and different surface coverages.
An optimized hood of length ℓh increases the initial thickness of the compression wave front from ∼R/M to ℓh/M, where R⪡ℓh is the nominal radius of the tunnel and M is the train Mach number.
Some line scratches were produced on the Si(100) surface by a nanoscratch tester (CSM Instruments, Peseux, Switzerland) using a spherical diamond tip with a nominal radius of 5 μm at a sliding velocity of 5 μm/s.
Height, amplitude, and phase images were obtained in Tapping Mode (oscillation frequency ~ 250 300 kHz) in ambient atmosphere using etched silicon probes (ACT, NanoScience) with nominal radius of curvature <10 nm.
Based on these considerations and the commercial availability of water-soluble fluorescent polystyrene microspheres, we chose product G1000 (Duke Scientific Corporation) with a nominal radius of 4,950 nm and emission centered around 520 nm.
