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Obviously we want to deflate the spending, not just look at nominal amounts; and I'd argue that you really want to deflate by nominal potential GDP, so that we get a sense of how spending has changed relative to the amount the economy would be producing at full employment.
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with v k representing the nominal membrane potential and (sigma _{y,k}^{2}) modeling the noise variance due to the sensor or the instrumentation inaccuracies when performing the experiment.
The operating efficiency of both the fuel cell and electrolyzer may be traded against the stack mass, by selecting a higher or lower nominal cell potential, thus operating at higher or lower current density.
Nickel-cadmium cells have a nominal cell potential of 1.2 V.
We have taken steps to mitigate space clamp issues (Cs+ based internal solution) and use nominal holding potentials that effectively isolate IPSCs (consistent with the estimated junction potential offset); however, space clamp is always imperfect.
"As we receive these daily nominal roll lists, any potential issues with other location reporting data has no impact on the quality of clinical care provided".
These are: 1. the feasibility of IFMIF accelerators, 2. the long term stability of lithium flow at IFMIF nominal conditions, 3. the potential instabilities in the lithium screen induced by the 2 × 5 MW impacting deuteron beam, 4. the uniformity of temperature in the specimens during irradiation, and 5. the validity of data provided with small specimens.
Unlike the past industrial workhorses, C. acetobutylicum and C. beijerinckii, C. pasteurianum has garnered nominal attention as a potential host for the production of butanol.
In other words, an event or situation needs to be available (i.e. have the potential) as a nominal in order to enter into a participant configuration.
Potential differences between nominal and actual test concentration, regardless if measured or not, are considered in the present study as contributing to data heterogeneity.
The benefit of this approach is having a system representation that allows for analysis of critical events and off- nominal component behavior to identify potential losses in function and safety constraint violations.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com