These conditions include: cycling at different temperatures (65, 85 and 107°C) under the irradiance, cycling versus no-cycling under the same irradiance and temperature, testing with different voltage waveforms and duty cycles with the same irradiance and temperature, cycling under various filtered irradiance intensities, and simple thermal exposure with no irradiance or cycling.
The samples inside the chamber were tested under a matrix of four different environmental test conditions at nominal sample temperatures of 85°C: cycling under irradiance, cycling with no irradiance, irradiance with no cycling, and simple thermal exposure with no cycling.
The increase in air temperature was due to the air being heated by the warm water, because during the nighttime, there was no solar irradiance to heat the sea surface.
The overall Mean Square Errors (MSE) during training 0.0029, regression value of 0.99707, small percentage of error (0.16% to 1.71%) in response to unknown input vectors indicate that the developed model can be used reliably for predicting insolation of locations where there is no direct irradiance measuring instruments.
The wells were randomly divided into a control group which received no irradiation, and a treatment group which received an LLLT dose of 150 J/cm2 with an irradiance of 2.5 W/cm2 for 60 seconds (3J), while a second group received sessions with an LLLT dose of 1050 J/cm2 with an irradiance of 2.5 W/cm2 for 420 seconds (21J).
In some of the studies the expected effect was found (Thompson et al. 1990 Guedes et al. 2010 Leu et al. 2010), but differences were often small while sometimes no or opposite irradiance effects were found (Chrismadha and Borowitzka 1994 Tzovenis et al. 1997 Carvalho and Malcata 2005 Zhukova 2007 Guiheneuf et al. 2009).
In our experiment, the apparatus had no overlapping irradiation fields, and the irradiance energy was a uniform 3 mW/cm.
In our study no significant effect of irradiance on LC-PUFA content could be demonstrated for the two investigated diatoms C. brevis and T. weissflogii, while for both species chlorophyll a levels were clearly influenced by irradiance, indicating photoacclimation to the applied irradiance levels.
In some studies light intensity indeed was negatively correlated with PUFA content (Thompson et al. 1990 Guedes et al. 2010 Leu et al. 2010), but the effect was often small, while sometimes no or a positive irradiance effect was found (e.g. Chrismadha and Borowitzka 1994 Tzovenis et al. 1997 Carvalho and Malcata 2005 Zhukova 2007 Guiheneuf et al. 2009).
Due to the uneven pigmentation, no strict correlation between irradiance and appearance of the lesions was observed.
Note that there is no apparent drop in irradiance during the minimum around 1944 which is unaffected by aerosols, demonstrating that the lower irradiance during the other two solar minima is indeed driven by aerosols rather than the low solar activity.
