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NsrR is the only known NO sensor encoded by the S. coelicolor genome suggesting it mediates the response to NO by switching on NsrR dependent genes, including the NO detoxification genes hmpA1 and hmpA2.
There are several NO detoxification systems, including NO dioxygenase (NOD) and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR).
Distinct from short-term responses, which were mostly regulated at the mRNA level, adapted cells seemed to sustain energy generation under repeated anoxia by partially sacrificing the NO detoxification capacities, and such adaptation was mainly regulated at the protein level.
In this scenario, therefore, bacterial NO detoxification is preventing the formation of "unstable" SNO.
The flavohemoglobin Hmp is involved in the NO detoxification pathway in S. Typhimurium, and levels of Hmp are increased approximately two-fold in macrophages [ 57].
The flavohemoprotein AFUA_4G03410 acts as an NO detoxification enzyme [ 36] and the nitroreductase family protein AFUA_5G09910 has a putative role in maintaining the cellular oxidative and/or nitrosative balance [ 37].
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The reversible binding of O 2 is associated with the major function of Glbs in organisms: the transport of O 2. Binding of NO by oxygenated Glbs is essential to NO-detoxification via NO-dioxygenase activity.
Reversible binding of O 2 is closely associated to the major function of Hbs in organisms, which is the transport of O 2. Binding of NO by Hbs is essential to NO-detoxification via a NO-dioxygenase activity.
The genes with the strongest downregulation are the tagA1 gene (DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase) involved in DNA repair or belonging to nitrogen metabolism including hmp (putative NO-detoxification flavohemoprotein), glnK (nitrogen regulatory protein PII), gltB (glutamate synthase large subunit) and amt (ammonia transporter).
Following previous practice (9,24), the patient population was divided into two groups consisting of those patients with one or no detoxifications previous to the current one (SDTx, n = 15) and those patients with two or more detoxifications (MDTx, n = 8).
In the non-adapted system, the cell concentration started to decrease and there was no significant sugar consumption or ethanol production even after 110 h and no inhibitor detoxification, except for 75 ± 12%% of furfural (Fig. 5; Table 1).
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