Genetic analysis suggested no confounding effect but a strong association with the disease.
Mr. Effing said that "The Joy of Painting" is brilliant for what it is not -- no quick cuts, no confounding graphics.
The first assumption is referred to as strong ignorability of treatment assignment, also referred to as no confounding or no hidden bias.
An analysis of the variance inflation factors (VIF) showed that no predictor exceeded the recommended level of 10 (all VIF < 3.29), suggesting no confounding of multicollinearity.
In Test 2, the video quality was better, the raters were more experienced, there was no confounding with lighting conditions, and the rating task was easier.
With respect to the study quality assessment, the number of missing values was not reported in 55% of the studies, and no confounding factors were taken into account in around 15% of the studies.
We questioned participants about meat intake at each survey and the inclusion of meat as a regularly consumed food in the ferritin model showed no confounding effect.
No confounding was identified.
However, we found no confounding.
No confounding variables were identified.
There was no confounding by the factor "type of disease".
