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We assume no back mutation, and that cells do not compete for space or limiting resources.
The latter is treated here as μ under the assumption that the antimutator undergoes no back mutation while en route to fixation, although μ should be viewed more generally as the difference between forward and backward mutation rates to such an allele.
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Let us assume that all individuals reproduce at the same time and that generations do not overlap and that there are no back mutations.
These data clearly indicated that the mutants were not only able to survive harsh conditions but also stable after several generations without any back mutation.
In some cases, back mutation of the mutator allele might allow reversion to wild-type mutation rates, such that deleterious alleles would not continue to accumulate indefinitely.
Using the mathematical model developed by Saunders, et al. [ 35], the maximum phase variation rate for these loci, assuming equal forward and back mutation rate and no fitness difference, is 6.7 × 10-4 per generation.
For this reason, this assay is referred to as a "reverse" or "back" mutation assay [ 29], since mutational events can be predictable [ 30].
The method assumes no recombination and allows two mutation models: infinite sites (IS) and HKY with back mutation [48].
The exclamation mark '!' designates back mutation and recurrent variants are underlined.
The back mutation of these residues to the corresponding chicken residues completely recovered the pT231-peptide binding affinity and specificity of the humanized antibody.
Back mutation of the VL49 residue (tyrosine to histidine) generated the humanized version HM1, which completely restored the binding affinity of its murine counterpart.
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