But given now the proportion of people who read the newspapers is quite small, their ability to have any aggregate impact is much less".
"So even if there are not that many people out on boats, they have an aggregate impact on the air and our water that's far disproportionate to their numbers".
In fact, a one ton of oil equivalent permanent reduction in aggregate energy consumption reduces output by €6340 over the long term, an aggregate impact which hides a wide diversity of effects for different fuel types.
Citation rates and altmetric scores were each standardized by dividing each metric by the highest in the dataset to give each paper a normalized metric score between 0 and 1, which was summed to create an aggregate impact score.
Although not every association seen in the U.S. cohort was observed in the Brazilian counterpart and despite the fact that no aggregate economic impact number has been estimated the results between the two studies were impressively concordant.
"In the UK we have to ask what is the aggregate impact is," says Diamond.
Framing the aggregate impact in terms of a single number, or even irrefutably demonstrating that the net effects are positive or negative, is a formidably difficult exercise.
Since mobile phones have the greatest penetration, however, "the aggregate impact is highest for mobile," she says.
The Durban agreement explicitly refers to the "emissions gap" – the difference between the aggregate impact of commitments that countries have made, and the upper limit of emissions required to have a chance of meeting the globally agreed goal of no more than two degrees of global warming.
Opponents with that view focus only on the individual dimension (too ungenerously for my taste), forgetting that the aggregate impact of individual decisions by doctors, patients, insurers and others creates the sorry picture I described.
