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We present a new experimental paradigm where choice-induced preference change is measured for alternatives which are never compared directly, but rather confronted with other alternatives in a way which keeps choices predictable without exogenously manipulating them.
Although clinical trials have compared the efficacy and safety of fondaparinux and enoxaparin for preventing VTE in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery of the lower limbs [ 33- 36], these two agents were never compared directly in Japanese patients.
Importantly, resting state and grasping task fMRI data sets were analysed in an identical way but were never compared directly due to categorical differences in movement artefacts which are difficult to disentangle from differences in functional interactions in the cognitive states.
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Ulipristal acetate (UPA) and levonorgestrel's (LNG) capacity to inhibit follicular rupture have never been compared directly at this time of the cycle.
Secondly, it is possible that R29 rosettes are easier to inhibit than Palo Alto VarO and FCR3S1.2 rosettes, although these three strains have never been compared directly in a single laboratory.
To our knowledge, the attitudes of self-injurers have never been compared directly to those of non-self-injurers.
Both biological agents have established efficacy in preventing radiographic damage in placebo-controlled RCTs 15 16 but have never been compared directly for their efficacy in this key outcome.
An increasing number of systematic reviews use network meta-analysis to compare three or more treatments to each other even if they have never been compared directly in a clinical trial [ 1– 4].
Our study results are consistent with those of previous pairwise meta-analyses, but the network meta-analysis incorporates both direct and indirect comparisons of treatment strategies, including those that have never been compared directly.
The studies included here do not provide the opportunity to evaluate whether trichiasis surgery prevents long-term loss of vision, because surgery has never been compared directly with no treatment.
However, clinical trials evaluating CAM modalities are often limited by inadequate control groups, and hypnotherapy has never been compared directly to a standard therapy in the treatment of hot flashes.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com