"We treat them like neutral utility companies but they are value-maximising commercial entities".
Note that this result does not require any particular functional form and holds for any single peaked and risk-averse or risk neutral utility function.
It yoked together greens, who thought wood was carbon-neutral; utilities, which saw co-firing as a cheap way of saving their coal plants; and governments, which saw wood as the only way to meet their renewable-energy targets.
"The big difference is you're talking not only about the efficiency of the change in technology, but also the quality of light," said Scott Thomsen, a spokesman for Seattle City Light, which claims to be the nation's first carbon-neutral utility, largely because most of its power comes from hydroelectric dams.
Now a new crop of incentive programs aims to do more than make utilities neutral.
The risk attitude is directly related to the curvature of the von Neumann Morgenstern utility functions: risk neutral individuals have linear utility functions, while risk seeking individuals have convex utility functions and risk adverse individuals have concave utility functions.
The bank has a sell rating on SSE, although with a price target lifted from £13.90 to £14.55, and is neutral on the other utility companies.
To circumvent these side effects, the utility of neutral lipid emulsion (NLE) has been explored.
Okanagan Lake kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka), a fishery of conservation concern, exhibits two sympatric ecotypes adapted to different reproductive environments; however, previous research demonstrated the limited utility of neutral microsatellites for assigning individuals.
Yet, previous research in this system has demonstrated the limited utility of neutral microsatellite markers for assigning individuals to ecotype and for use in mixed composition (MC) analyses (Taylor et al. 2000).
Although partly heuristic, the approach has a sound theoretical basis and can be used to generate utility-neutral designs for the multinomial logit model which possess a high statistical efficiency.
