We use the notations "d", "n", "o", "u", "f", "p" for "deleterious", "neutral", "observed", "unobserved", "family" and "proband" respectively.
He was, however, keen to point out that he meant merely "crazy" – frenetic and testing on the nerves – rather than actually "dangerous", although to the neutral observing the leaders clattering over the 500m of cobbles through Kelso town centre at 40mph the distinction might have been less clear.
The oscillations of neutrals observed with the EISCAT radar on 1 March 1995 had a dominant oscillation period of 24 min, which is longer than the typical Brunt-Väisälä period in the auroral F-region (≅ 13 min).
Dfdist estimates the probability of a locus to be under selection according to its observed FST and He, compared to simulated neutral distributions computed for an average neutral FST observed in the empirical data set (the trimmed mean FST), effective population size and minimum levels of polymorphism [ 38].
It is therefore clear that a simple model with divergence among subpopulations can explain at least part of the deviation from expectations under the standard neutral model (Tajima's D = 0 under neutral expectations) observed in Tajima's D in C. rubella.
"The majority must remain at least neutral," he observed.
We show that polar cap potentials and magnetospheric electric fields derived from interplanetary parameters measured by the Advanced Composition Explorer satellite are roughly proportional to neutral densities observed by GRACE with lead times of ∼4 h.
However, the average abundances of Ne are similar on both nights, analogous to the average neutral abundances observed in the 93 100-km altitude region.
The meridional neutral wind observed by the FPI increased from −20 m/s (northward) to 50 m/s (southward), and the ionospheric virtual height observed by the ionosonde at Kototabang decreased from 300 to 190 km when the MBW was observed.
The local field direction has been derived both from the weak polarizations of nearby stars, 0.0001%–0.02% (Frisch et al., 2010, 2012), and from the interstellar magnetic field direction defined by the "ribbon" of interstellar neutral atoms observed by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) spacecraft (McComas et al., 2009).
Such an interpretation is supported by observations of stick-slip events in muscovite gouge with <10% quartz, at 400°C to 500°C (Van Diggelen et al. 2010) or 600°C (Mariani et al. 2006), versus velocity-strengthening to neutral behaviour observed in wet pure muscovite gouges (Den Hartog et al. 2013).
