At neutral pH, linkage of the KWKK tetrapeptide to the DNA also increased the Tm compared to the unmodified DNA, which exhibited a Tm of 60 °C.
At neutral pH, linkage of the KWKK tetrapeptide to the DNA increased the Tm by 15 °C relative to the γ-OH-PdG lesion alone, which exhibited a Tm of 48 °C.
Peptide nucleic acids (PNA) are synthetic nucleic acid analogues wherein the negatively charged sugar-phosphate backbone is replaced with charge-neutral amide linkages.
Under neutral selection, the linkage disequilibrium (LD) around variants in the genome will decay over time due to recombination, so that older (common) alleles typically have short-range LD and younger (rare) alleles have long-range LD.
This is likely to be caused by neutral divergence of linkage patterns resulting from small effective population sizes in both regions coupled with gene flow from the Northeast to the Midwest but not in the other direction.
Therefore, the shift in allele frequency in the central region of the cline is often much less than 1 for neutral markers, and linkage disequilibrium needs to be corrected for the effect of introgression to estimate dispersal distance (Box 3B).
Importantly, each type of selection can affect neutral loci through linkage, which means that outlier loci could most often result from the indirect effect of selection at other loci.
The effect is stronger for intermediate recombination rates between the selected and the hitchhiker neutral locus, because when linkage is tight, associations remain during the spread of the wave while when linkage is loose the hitchhiking effect is weak right from the beginning.
Considering all populations, one microsatellite (D14S306) showed a FST value that was lower than the neutral level, indicating its linkage with other genes under selection [ 22].
On the other hand, a trait associated marker is a neutral genome position in linkage disequilibrium with a gene/s underlying the trait.
