At a time when genomes are being sequenced by the hundreds, much attention has shifted from identifying genes and phenotypes to understanding the networks of interactions among genes.
Biology is essentially the study of networks of interactions within or between organisms.
In addition to limitations in connecting energetics with structure5, mutational methods have significant experimental uncertainties6 and are unable to map complex networks of interactions.
For this reason, systems biology strives to integrate different types of data, developing holistic models that more comprehensively describe networks of interactions that give rise to biological traits.
Many changes at the genome level are buffered by robust networks of interactions in cells, tissues and organs.
Networks of interactions between C/5 mC pyrimidine rings and wt hAID/N51A mutant catalytic pockets within the four enzyme:substrate complexes: (a) wt hAID C, (b) wt hAID:5 mC, (c) N51A C, and (d) N51A:5 mC.
Shifts in abiotic conditions can strongly influence not only the demography, ecology, and evolution of individual species, but also the networks of interactions that structure communities and ecosystems.
Our findings show that the effects of plant soil feedbacks on seedling community assembly can be modulated by mycorrhizal type match/mismatch, and such matching effects may emerge as a community-scale process in which the networks of interactions formed by soil microbiota influence the outcome of seedling community assembly.
These specify large networks of interactions among genes producing transcription factors and signaling components.
It is known that the different networks of interactions (physical contacts, online social media, phone calls, etc).
This asymmetry in specialization is now well documented by studies of networks of interactions between flowers and their animal visitors (Vazquez and Aizen 2004).
