It is worth noting that normal and above-level encouragement of participation in organizations is a necessity for high-CES and networking ability employees to gain more income than their low-CES and networking ability colleagues.
When encouragement of participation was low, the positive relationship between employees' networking ability and later income was no longer significant.
Both employees' networking ability (r = 0.07, p < 0.01) and perceived encouragement of participation (r = 0.09, p < 0.01) were positively associated with their income too.
From a social capital perspective (Lin, 1999, 2002), networking processes require employees to connect to influential people and be in a position where it is easy to generate and receive opportunities (Pfeffer, 1992).
The investigation of boundary conditions would not only answer the question as to whether the impact of employees' networking ability on their career success depends on organizational conditions, but also helps us to gain a better understanding of the contingent nature of the CES-later income relationship.
Without the organization's support for employee participation, high networking ability employees will not be able to fulfill their capacity.
Therefore, we propose that encouragement of participation will moderate the relationship between employee networking ability and later income.
Both Novartis and Lilly have employee networking groups that bring together people with common interests, goals, or backgrounds.
The company will implement LotusLive Connections for business social networking between employees, partners and suppliers.
These findings suggest that managerial strategies which try to increase networking among employees should not focus solely on the creation of structure, as it has often been done in the INHS, but should focus instead on the creation of a need to access others' resources.
Zhone, with 470 employees, makes networking systems, software and hardware, for service providers that want to sell broadband services quickly and efficiently.
