While this result is difficult to interpret, a plausible hypothesis is that multiple pathways are involved in the NET response to O. ostertagi, which is clearly distinct from the PMA-induced NETs previously studied.
To assay whether the intact parasite could induce NETs, live L4 stage O. ostertagi were co-cultured with bovine neutrophils, resulting in a NET response similar to OO extract alone.
Using chemical inhibitors, we have shown that these proteins are also crucial for the O. ostertagi-mediated NET response.
Surprisingly, the O. ostertagi-mediated NET response appears to be independent of ROS, but requires NADPH oxidase activity (Fig. 8).
It is proposed that the particular frequency is measured, at which the two peak currents of the net response are identical.
If the first step is irreversible and the second one is quasireversible, the extremes of components may be widely separated, resulting in the net response with two peaks.
The questionnaire was sent to a sample of 880 supply chain managers within the UK oil and gas industry and a net response rate of 15.6% was achieved.
To explore the possibility that the bovine NET response might be deployed against other nematodes and not specific to O. osteragi, the non-parasitic nematode C. elegans was added to our experiments.
In this report, we provide the first evidence of a NET response elicited by O. ostertagi, one of the most detrimental GI nematode parasites to the cattle industry53,54.
We also provide some evidence that this NET response may not be limited to specific nematode parasites such as O. ostertagi and may instead be a conserved response to any nematode encounter.
The receptor changes were accompanied by corresponding alterations in the response of adenylyl cyclase to carbachol and isoproterenol: the inhibitory muscarinic response was reduced, so that the net response to combined treatment with carbachol and isoproterenol was enhanced.
