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The highest deviation appeared in the net calorific value of the char.
The moisture content, gross and net calorific value and ash content is determined in laboratory conditions.
The relatively high net calorific value of 20 MJ/kg d.m. is mainly influenced by the lignin content.
It was proved that the quality of the fuel, i.e. its net calorific value and carbon content, were key factors in uncertainty estimation, 33% and 65% respectively.
One of the most important requirements of aviation fuel is high net calorific value for maximum range or payload [8].
Net calorific value and density are important parameters in determining the performance of any aviation fuel [58].
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Calorific values were determined according ISO 1928 1995 (Solid mineral fuels-Determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimetric method and calculation of net calorific values).
The net calorific values of DDGS and ethylene serve as the basis for allocating the environmental impact of ethylene production from ethanol.
When both the W/C and water/expansive additive ratios are 0.50, the net calorific values are 437.53 J/g and 887.12 J/g for the cement and expansive additive, respectively.
We use the data on primary energy consumption of fossil fuels (i.e. hard coal, brown coal, crude oil and natural gas) to calculate the amount of net-CO2 emitted to the atmosphere every year: we convert the primary energy from gross to net calorific values and apply CO2 contents for all fossil energy carriers to obtain the amount of CO2 (see Table 1).
To view how biomass composition influences net energy value, we generated pairwise interaction plots of calorific value (net energy value) and the endogenous lignin or cellulose content of the feedstock.
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