Classification of the nerve injury depends on the nerve components affected, loss of functionality and the ability of the nerve to recover.
Here again, the presence of neural crest cells mixed within cephalic mesoderm, which will later give rise to branchiomeric muscles, is consistent with the congruence of muscle and nerve components.
The cranial nerves are components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), with the exception of cranial nerve II (the optic nerve), which is not a true peripheral nerve but a neural tract of the diencephalon connecting the retina with the lateral geniculate nucleus; hence both the optic nerve and the retina are part of the central nervous system (CNS).
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a relatively new treatment that requires implantation of a device for stimulating the vagus nerve, a component of the autonomic nervous system.
The optic nerve head component of the multifocal electroretinography may provide an electrophysiological marker of axonal disruption in eyes of patients with multiple sclerosis (Schnurman et al., 2014).
Future studies are needed to investigate the ability of the optic nerve head component of the multifocal electroretinography to monitor visual function and predict outcome in optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis.
The peripheral nervous system consists of the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral nerves, and the peripheral components of the autonomic nervous system.
On the basis of these observations, we postulate that changes of neurotrophin expression in the respiratory tract may coordinate a variety of interactions between sensory afferent nerves and multiple components of the immune system and inflammatory pathways, thereby generating a pathophysiological link between early-life viral infections and childhood asthma.
This review attempts to summarize different nerve grafts used for peripheral nerve repair, to highlight various basic components of tissue engineered nerve grafts in terms of their structures, features, and nerve regeneration-promoting actions, and finally to discuss current clinical applications and future perspectives of tissue engineered nerve grafts.
Peripheral nerve regeneration strategies employ the use of polymeric engineered nerve conduits encompassed with components of a delivery system.
