Sentence examples for nematode trees from inspiring English sources

These primers amplified a 469 bp fragment internal to the region flanked by the primer set used to derive the nematode trees and were used to amplify 18S rDNA for subsequent analysis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE).

Future molecular studies of nematodes will need to incorporate phylogenomic methods in order to resolve longstanding questions regarding relationships at the base of the nematode tree.

Resolving the base of the nematode tree will require intensive efforts to locate other informative genes-ideally protein-coding-which can supplement evolutionary inferences from SSU data.

Our analysis could not unequivocally confirm the earliest splits in the nematode tree, and outgroup choice significantly affected the observed branching order of the Dorylaimia and Enoplia.

Furthermore, whereas U12 splicing does not occur in Caenorhabditis elegans, U12 introns as well as U12 snRNAs are present in Trichinella spiralis, which is deeply branching in the nematode tree.

It appears unlikely that single-gene phylogenies using the conserved 18S gene will be useful for confirming the branching order at the base of the nematode tree-future efforts will require multi-gene analyses or phylogenomic methods.

Molecular phylogenetic analysis places Trichinella close to the root in the nematode tree, i.e. more deeply branching than species such as C. elegans of the Rhabditida branch [ 14- 16] which is believed to be lacking U12 introns.

In the this study, Maximum Likelihood methods using a large SSU dataset alternatively recovered both the terrestrial Dorylaimid clade and the primarily marine Enoplid clade as the earliest-splitting nematode group, while large-scale Bayesian analyses consistently returned a polytomy at the basal node of the nematode tree.

The 18S gene was used to resolve deep splits within the Enoplia and evaluate the branching order of major clades in the nematode tree; multiple phylogenetic methods and rigorous empirical tests were carried out to assess tree topologies under different parameters and combinations of taxa.

Monochamus alternatus, pine sawyer beetle, serves as a vector for this parasite, and it spreads the nematode to pine trees [2].

The common transmission of nematodes among pine trees and bark beetles occur during maturation feeding of infected vectors.