What is known is that negotiating licences is not a trivial exercise.
Since early 1996, she has been leading a group of large academic research libraries, negotiating licences for electronic information, organizing them for negotiating purposes into NERL, the NorthEast Research Libraries consortium, and working with them in the wider International Coalition of Library Consortia ICOLCC).
And as the economy slows, the White House might then find it harder to hold off protectionist pressure from Capitol Hill.The most obvious casualty would be "trade promotion authority" (TPA, or "fast track"), the negotiating licence that the White House uses to conclude trade deals.
The length of time taken to negotiate licences also comes under fire.
The UN-backed Medicines Patent Pool also negotiates licences to generic companies to produce HIV drugs and has distributed over 1.5bn affordable ARV tablets since 2012.
The key distinction is that, unlike those subscription services, YouTube claims it is able to take advantage of so-called "safe harbours" to negotiate licences.
Britain's InterContinental Hotels, meanwhile, has negotiated licences for two Holiday Inn Express sites in provincial capitals.While the Chinese chains build or own their hotels outright, foreigners prefer to franchise, enabling them to expand faster with less capital and at lower risk though they also have to share profits with franchisees.
The anger comes from the perception that because safe harbour protects YouTube from requiring those licences before it makes their music available, it can negotiate from a position of strength in comparison to, say, Spotify – which isn't protected by safe harbour, so has to negotiate licences before it can put music up.
Until this point, charities and private individuals republishing OS data have been required to negotiate licences if they wanted to stay on the right side of the law.
The government is facing an immediate Welsh revolt over its hastily negotiated licence fee deal, with S4C today launching a judicial review of the decision to "effectively merge [it] with the BBC".
Instead of making licensing less complex, music services now have to figure out which of the four newly formed licensing companies each major publisher is affiliated with and then negotiate a licence with each, while at the same time negotiating direct licences with each of the national collection societies as before.
