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Using the driverless car as a microcosm of the smart city, Part One of the paper explores two dimensions of post-normal engineering the acceptance of negotiated risk and the dependence on open innovation in order to bring out how these environments are associated with disequilibrium and uncertainty.
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" 'Chance City,' " she continued, "is about negotiating risk.
These fighters, moreover, seem to believe that their own ability to negotiate risk is greater than the ability of their peers.
Because behavior is determined by perceived rather than actual risk, underestimation of injury risk and concomitant overestimation of ability to negotiate risk may lead to an increased frequency of injury.
Because behavior is determined by perceived rather than actual risk, overestimation of ability to negotiate risk and concomitant underestimation of risk may lead to an increased frequency of injury.
Conversely, individuals with low self-efficacy may underestimate their own ability to negotiate risk, which in turn results in overestimating the risk of injury and adopting less risky behavior (i.e., "playing it safe").
In regard to perceived comparative risk, the Muay Thai fighters in this study appeared to believe that their own ability to negotiate risk was similar to the ability of their peers (i.e., PRSELF was rated similar to PROTHER).
Although Muay Thai fighters, on average, exhibit slight comparative optimism, the majority of fighters believe that their own ability to negotiate risk is similar to the ability of their peers.
They negotiate risk as routinely as they negotiate prices.
More qualitative research is needed to explore the structural and environmental circumstances that characterize risk perception and sexual relations, the social dimension of risk, the reasons of risk, and the life skills needed in order to negotiate risk reduction.
By contrast, a site in Pretoria, South Africa, used a personalised approach to assess each FSWs risks and goals for negotiating risk-reduction [ 47].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com