Assuming the foundation mass to be negligible, an equivalent two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) system is derived.
If the change in p with wavelength λ is negligible the equivalent Abbe number can be rewritten as (26) V eqv = V d c V d s [ n s − 1 − 2 p (n c − 1 ) ] V dc (n s − 1 ) − 2 p V d s (n c − 1 ), where V dc and V ds are the Abbe numbers of the center and the surface of the GRIN lens, respectively.
Assuming a uniform distribution of the precipitates within the site sediments, this is equivalent to a negligible volume (~ 0.007%) of the total pore space and one would also infer a negligible contribution to the change of total surface area.
If participation costs are negligible, a common lottery is equivalent to several other mechanisms, such as limiting participants to a single lottery, using a waitlist in which offers can be rejected without punishment, or using artificial currency.
"Most fracking related events release a negligible amount of energy roughly equivalent to, or even less than someone jumping off a ladder onto the floor," said Prof Davies.
Many of those involved in clinical research implicitly assume that the minimal risk standard is essentially equivalent to the negligible risk standard.
According to the MSE results in Figures 6 and 7, transmitting the factor α k Γ k brings, in the worst case, 0.2 dB of degradation and from the results of Figure 9 the correlation matrix of the equivalent channel has negligible values out of the diagonal elements and therefore there is no need to increase the system complexity by implementing the filter given by (14).
According to a meta-analysis of Baskin et al. [ 24] structurally equivalent "placebos" produced negligible effects compared to active treatments [ 25].
First, a significant proportion of SF T cells had negligible levels of TCRζ expression, equivalent to that detected in the CD3ϵ−TCRζ− double-negative cell population, and yet surface expression of CD3ϵ was spared.
The estrogenicity of food lots used was measured by the E-SCREEN assay and found to be negligible (< 20 pmol estrogen equivalents per gram of feed).
