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Skinner identified four ways to manipulate behavior: four buttons to push positive reinforcement ("Good dog! Have a biscuit"), positive punishment ("Bad dog! Whack"), negative reinforcement ("Good dog! Now I'll stop whacking you"), and negative punishment ("Bad dog! Give me back that biscuit").
Skinner identified four ways to manipulate behavior: four buttons to push — positive reinforcement ("Good dog! Have a biscuit"), positive punishment ("Bad dog! Whack"), negative reinforcement ("Good dog! Now I'll stop whacking you"), and negative punishment ("Bad dog! Give me back that biscuit").
Comparison groups were: those using other 'negative reinforcement / positive punishment' training techniques, and those using 'positive reinforcement / negative punishment' based methods.
Similarly, rewarding a dog with attention for sitting to greet people positively reinforces sitting, and withdrawal of attention if the dog does not sit would be negative punishment of the alternative behaviour.
In practice, positive punishment and negative reinforcement inevitably co-occur within the training environment, as do positive reinforcement and negative punishment, with the definition used dependent on the focal behaviour described.
To reduce the number of comparisons, individual training methods in comparison groups were combined into those which involved the application or removal of an aversive stimulus (positive punishment or negative reinforcement), and those which involved the application or removal of a rewarding stimulus (positive reinforcement or negative punishment).
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Rats don't understand negative punishments, and will only confuse the rat.
This view is complemented by a series of studies about dopamine (DA) function in aversive learning, where it was found that this amine mediates the negative reinforcement (punishment) [6] [12].
It not only propels behaviour toward positive outcomes like getting high; it also propels behaviour away from negative outcomes – punishments and aversive consequences.
Punishment (negative sanction) and reward (positive sanction) regulate conduct in conformity with social norms (see norm).
But there is no reason to think that retributivists generally ignore the need to justify the negative effects of punishment on the innocent.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com