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Although the guns have fallen silent, Liberia is experiencing what social theorist Johan Galtung called negative peace – that is, peace derived from the absence of physical violence.
Experts and practitioners agree that peacebuilding involves achieving "negative peace" – the end of violence – and guaranteeing "positive peace" – addressing the underlying causes of conflict, and developing social justice and political participation.
The message that the Missouri grand jury has now sent to young African Americans – from Ferguson to my classroom and the rest of the world – is that black lives do not matter, that your rights and your personhood are secondary to an uneasy and negative peace, that the police have more power over your body than you do yourself.
The problems were not peculiar to the White Citizens Councils or the Ku Klux Klan, he said in a famous letter from the Birmingham prison; they also afflicted "the white moderate who is more devoted to order than to justice; who prefers a negative peace, which is the absence of tension, to a positive peace, which is the presence of justice".
Already the principle of negative peace requires a superordinate instance to safeguard the right to non-interference [28: 293].
At any rate, peace scholarship has long emphasized the distinction between negative peace and positive peace: negative peace is the absence of violence or war while positive peace encompasses cooperative, tranquil, and harmonious relations and the broader concerns of human flourishing and integration (see Galtung 1969).
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First, the woman was asked to slide an indicator box on a series of scale bars (see Additional file 1) to reflect the importance of ten factors on her decision to having a screening mammogram: avoiding false positives, avoiding false negatives, peace of mind, catching cancer early, overdiagnosis, stress & fear, time & access, embarrassment & pain, radiation exposure and cost.
Two years ago, when the Israeli government approved 1,300 homes in the same settlement, then US secretary of state, Condoleezza Rice, criticised the move as having a "negative effect" on peace talks.
Fifty-eight per cent of the 22,000 who took part in the poll, commissioned by the BBC World Service, said they expected Mr Bush to have a negative impact on peace and security, compared with only 26% who considered him a positive force.
"China is deeply worried about its severe and negative impact on peace and stability of the Balkan region and the goal of establishing a multiethnic society in Kosovo," said Liu Jianchao, a Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman.
In a BBC World Service poll of people in 21 countries across four continents, 58% of the 22,000 respondents "said they expected Mr Bush to have a negative impact on peace and security, compared with only 26% who considered him a positive force".
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com