The second shortcoming is the emphasis on negative role livestock plays on the environment without counterbalancing with the positive roles.
Maintaining the possibility of mobility in only this narrow sense will have a significantly negative effect on livestock production.
Our research, based on several replicated, large-scale experiments, suggests various positive and negative relationships between livestock husbandry and biodiversity.
Government presence is most felt through the activities and policies of Eaux et Forêts, the forestry agency, which generally has a negative posture toward livestock husbandry (Benjaminsen [1997]).
Besides its direct impact on human health, its negative impact on livestock has an important effect on the nutrition of millions of people living in the prevalent areas and on the farming economics of their countries.
Studies elsewhere (Gordijn et al. 2012) show that fire exclusion accelerates the rate of woody plant expansion into rangelands, with decreases in palatable species and increases in unpalatable species, which has negative effects on livestock production, especially of grazers.
Towards this end, several management frameworks have been developed to reduce the negative impacts of livestock on plant diversity, and these have been studied in a variety of environmental settings (e.g. McIntyre et al. 2003; Fuhlendorf and Engle 2004; Albon et al. 2007).
When combined with cold temperatures, wind has a negative impact on livestock.
As such, TIVAR has potential negative impacts on livestock production, with an increased risk of zoonotic transmission of multidrug-resistant pathogens to humans whereby therapeutic options would be even further constrained (Singer et al., 2003; Wegener, 2012).
Similarly, when brucellosis is suspected vaccination is almost never considered as an option, which may reflect the negative perception most livestock owners have of the B. melitensis Rev 1 live vaccine (the only vaccine currently in use in Jordan and shown to potentially cause abortion when administered to pregnant animals).
