Exclusion practices vary from issuing negative lists (e.g., Spain, Poland) and directives of self-governmental institutions with the character of negative lists (e.g., Germany) to excluded services within the framework of the national law (e.g., England).
Negative lists are in certain categories used to exclude services (e.g., the new red and orange lists of DBCs).
Additional measures include price controls and limits on availability through the use of positive and negative lists.
Apart from negative lists remuneration schemes, for example, DRGs and procedures catalogues used for grouping are more and more used as benefit catalogues.
To date, ingredients have been regulated in some countries by positive and negative lists (e.g. German Federal Ministry for Youth Family and Health, 1977; UK Department of Health, 2003), which would suggest a safe use of those listed as permitted.
The package can be limited by management of positive or negative lists, copayments, the definitions of conditions restricting eligibility, and promoting best practice, i.e., effective and efficient provision of care.
