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These findings conflict with previous studies reporting negative illness beliefs among those with poorly controlled BPs [20, 21].
Women reported negative illness consequences relating to stigma, loss of self-determination and changes to relationships.
The Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised (Moss-Morris et al., 2002) was used to assess negative illness perceptions.
One study [ 51] reported that intervention patients had less negative illness appraisal than control patients at the final follow-up point, whereas partners had less negative illness appraisal immediately following the intervention.
Presumably, patients in this group experience the strongest feelings of anxiety of progression and have more negative illness beliefs.
36 37 In line with this, negative illness perceptions 35 and catastrophising 38 39 predict chronic symptoms after whiplash collisions.
Negative illness attitudes were also independently associated to more consultations in primary care over a 5-year period [ 48].
Moreover, in a meta-analysis relationships were shown between negative illness beliefs, emotional expressions and avoidance [ 28].
Negative illness perceptions were associated with distress after cancer diagnosis, consistent with both the CSM and S-REF models.
It is based on the premise that negative illness appraisal (i.e. negative thoughts about cancer and its consequences) instigates and maintains distress.
The findings with regard to the first factor suggest that there is overlap between the concepts of fear-avoidance cognitions, catastrophizing low self-efficacy and negative illness beliefs.
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