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The aim of the present study was to assess the role of psychological factors, specifically effort, coping, and negative expectancy appraisals, in addition to executive functioning and depression, in accounting for negative symptoms broadly defined.
− indicates a negative expectancy for this criteria in a particular test category based on acquired results or analysis of the test construction.
For the comparison of professionals' expectancies, Fisher Exact tests (α =.05, df = 1) were applied, contrasting the upper response category (positive expectancy scores) with the latter two response categories (neutral and negative expectancy scores), using one-sided p-values in line with our hypothesis that users would have higher expectancies than non-users.
Second, based on the model of negative expectancy and sexual arousal dysfunction proposed by Barlow (1986), we hypothesized that individuals with higher Embarrassed/Conservative and lower Open/Direct and Romantic/Passionate sexual self-schemas would show more negative affect prior to sexual stimuli.
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Days with greater positive and negative expectancies were associated with high-intensity drinking.
These included positive and negative expectancies about alcohol effects, perceived peer and parent alcohol norms, perceived prevalence of adolescent alcohol use, and confidence in ability to refuse alcohol.
In logistic regression, factors independently related to risk of drinking beer in the past 30 days were smoking (odds ratio [OR]=2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8 3.0), marijuana use (OR 3.9, 95% CI 3.0 5.2), negative expectancies (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3 0.6), parent norms (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1 1.7), and estimated percentage of high school students who drink (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1 1.5).
The priorities for interventions should be negative expectancies, perceived behavioural control and anticipated regret.
The fMRI data revealed that effects of positive and negative expectancies on opioid analgesia involve distinct neuroanatomical substrates.
They suggested that smokers with low self-efficacy might have negative expectancies about smoking cessation, which in turn heighten their sensitivity towards withdrawal symptoms.
More recently, we investigated whether effects from positive and negative expectancies of opioid analgesia engaged similar brain regions in healthy subjects.
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