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Negative accuracy means over 100% error rate, rendering recognition results unusable.
The trigram language model results to negative accuracy for the female test case, meaning there are too many insertion errors.
The negative accuracy scores for adversarial users mainly stems from the penalization scheme where incorrect answers are penalized (i.e., gets negative score)—[recall that score calculations are explained in "User score calculation" section (Table 4)].
However, the use of G D led to a major decrease in accuracy when selecting bulls of one breed based on cows of another breed as can be seen in the average negative accuracy of 0. Also, negative estimates of bias were obtained when using G D in across-breed predictions, either within-sex (Table 6) or across sexes (Table 8).
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Therefore, it remains unclear what the cause of the negative accuracies and regression coefficients is.
It is, however, quite unlikely that this is the case for most of the QTL, which is required to explain the negative accuracies.
Especially with NM, the variation between replicates was large and even negative accuracies were obtained, although in a very small proportion of the replicates (5.5% of replicates).
This is in contrast to the findings of Riedelsheimer et al. (2013), who observed zero or negative accuracies when training and validation populations were unrelated.
Using, only line B1 or B2, or both, for training resulted in negative accuracies for line W1, which ranged from -0.14 to -0.39.
Combined with the substantial negative accuracies, which were significantly lower than 0 for line W1, this suggests that some QTL have opposite phase with the surrounding SNPs in the different lines.
This is further evidenced by the zero or negative accuracies (Table 1) observed for both TYM and SGN when the markers from the 5A chromosome linked to the QTL are excluded from the prediction model in independent validation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com