Most previous methods, such as the expected value and expected residual minimization, need the probability distribution information of the stochastic variables.
In this algorithm, if a transition layer is needed, the probability of choosing a layer as the transition layer is inversely proportional to the distance between this layer and the heat sink.
If only one swap is needed, the probability of failure equals to the probability of selecting T unsuccessful swaps in a row: q = left( {1 - frac{{alpha^{2} }}{{k^{2} }}} right)^{T}.
In RD-MSF [24] and in the proposed methods since these methods do not need the probability estimates for selection of the markers, this time-consuming step is not used.
Thirdly, compared to stochastic optimization methods, the robust method employed in this paper doesn't need the probability distribution function (PDF) of transient power sags which is hard to obtain.
The respondents were asked to indicate the number of relief workers (medical and psychological) needed, the probability of an outbreak of an epidemic, and the number of safety measures needed.
To test our speculation about the relational distance (physical and economic), we performed two separate MANCOVAs on the four estimates for the number of relief workers (medical and psychological) needed, the probability of an epidemic outbreak, and the amount of self-protective behavior needed, using wave and relational distance as factors, and gender, age, and education as covariates.
We asked the respondents in both the devastated and non-devastated areas to indicate the number of relief workers (medical and psychological) that they thought were needed, the probability of an epidemic outbreak, and the amount of self-protective behavior needed.
The estimates for the number of relief workers (medical and psychological) needed, the probability of an epidemic outbreak, and the amount of self-protective behavior needed showed a significantly increased, but negative, association with increasing relational distance between respondents and victims who had suffered economic damage (Ps<0.001).
The counting rule does not need the probabilities of local detection and a false alarm in advance.
