Perceptions of financial stress (individuals' processing of stressor events), are significantly associated with IPV victimization among women, but more objective measures of financial stressors (the event which causes the stress response), such as income to needs ratio, are not significantly associated with IPV victimization (Benson et al. 2003).
In a study of mothers followed from one month to seven years after the birth of their child, greater educational attainment and a higher income to needs ratio, among other factors, were associated with low-stable levels of depression relative to more severe depressive trajectories [ 46].
Given the demonstrated safety of nurse anesthetists, let's allow them to practice as they have been prepared and focus on rightsizing the needed ratio of anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists.
For family income-to-needs ratio, there was much less evidence of decreasing disparity in ECEC use across birth cohorts, regardless of whether we considered linear or non-linear income-to-needs ratio (Table 5).
We display the results for family income-to-needs ratio and parent education in Table 3 to highlight their linear and non-linear results.
At the lowest end of the distribution, a 1-point gain in income-to-needs ratio predicted a 1.50-point increase in odds of attending ECEC.
Comparing families at higher levels of income-to-needs ratio, the differences in ECEC attendance were much smaller; for example, comparing families with income-to-needs ratios of 4 and 5, children in the families with higher income-to-needs were 1.11 times more likely to attend ECEC than those in families with less income-to-needs ratio.
For the poorest families in Norway, very small differences in income relative to family needs were, on average, associated with differential likelihoods of sending their children to ECEC; for middle class and wealthier families, however, differences in family income-to-needs ratio were much less strongly associated with ECEC use.
The discrepancy between our findings and the findings on income-to-needs ratio may have important implications for intervention strategies because it may indicate that subjective financial stress and management of finances are better predictors of IPV perpetration than overall financial resources.
Linear regression was used to evaluate the association between cortisol AUC and BMI z-score, controlling for child age, sex, and race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white vs. not); primary caregiver weight status (overweight, defined as BMI ≥ 25 vs. not); and family income-to-needs ratio.
Both the nasopharyngeal depth and velar length increased after maxillary distraction, but the need ratio (nasopharyngeal depth/velar length) also increased after distraction.
