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In 1999 and 2000, needle mass generally explained the variation in sapflow best.
For spruce, needle mass explained most of the variation if all trees were included.
Architectural characteristics such as specific needle mass, needle packing density, and silhouette-to-projected area ratios generally did not vary with elevation.
Shoot height, and stem, shoot and needle mass were at a maximum in the combined treatment with both mycorrhiza and protozoa.
Regressions were calculated between sapflow and growth and tree diameter, needle mass estimated by allometry, and a competition index (CI), which depended on the distance and diameter of neighbouring trees.
Before thinning, the variation in sapflow for spruce was best explained by CI when trees close to a strip-road were excluded; for pine, needle mass was equally as good as CI.
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We therefore summed the dry needle masses (dMNtotal All) of all n branches (indicated by i) of each crown section of each sampled tree.
The leaf area of the kth sampled tree (LA k ) was finally calculated by multiplying its specific leaf areas of the jth crown sections (SLA jk ) and the according dry needle masses (dMN jk ) and summing these products.
Since we calculated the specific leaf area for each crown section separately (see below) we also had to calculate the total dry needle masses (dMN jk ) of each jth crown section of each kth sample tree.
"Failing to engage fans on green issues and keeping the conversation in the boardrooms and boiler rooms will never move the needle on mass environmental change", he argues.
Mass fainting and headaches are believed to be caused by a needle phobia and mass hysteria [31], and vaccination without needles may improve vaccine uptake and acceptance.
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