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Given these levels of variation, it is valuable to establish the number of subjects needed to observe a significant difference for future studies.
The numbers of subjects (95% CI) needed to observe a 1%, 10% or 30% difference in nicotine extraction between two snus pouches would be 1528, 17 or 4, respectively.
We determined the minimum a priori relative effective sample size (RESS, representing the a priori strength of belief) needed to observe a significant a posteriori OR distribution: how much physicians have to be convinced a priori that CM increases AKI risk to maintain this belief after being confronted with the studies data.
Accordingly, not only is a larger response produced, but also a lower concentration of agonist is likely needed to observe a response.
A larger study population (we estimate at least n = 258 children and n = 3912 adults for 3D7 GIA) would be needed to observe a statistically significant difference in GIA stratified by baseline BS status.
This variability across ethnicities and regions could influence rate of disease progression and affect the sample size needed to observe a drug-placebo difference with an efficacious agent.
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It is possible that their study lacked the power needed to observe an association, as their sample contained significantly fewer people who were categorized as having hearing problems.
Among others, subcellular localization [ 115] and total target numbers [ 117, 118] influence the copy number of miRNA needed to observe an effect on any particular target.
As mentioned above, the slower rate of progression among the oldest old with dementia may present a challenge to the design of clinical trials, as more subjects may be needed to observe an effect.
Analysis of a Finnish dataset revealed no connection between antibiotic use and autoimmunity for type 1 diabetes [ 15], but larger cohorts may be needed to observe an antibiotic influence on this disease.
Furthermore, incorporation of parental origin into association studies may lead to detection of overall genetic effect of an allele (POE and association), possibly incrementing the power of a GWA study and, thus, reducing the sample size needed to observe an association signal, although the required sample size, most likely, still needs to be larger than the ones examined so far.
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