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However, misreplication of the 8-oxoG in a subsequent round of replication would produce the needed mutation.
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That could happen if H5N1 slowly developed the needed mutations, as likely occurred with the 1918 Spanish influenza (ScienceNOW, 5 October 2005).
This difference between the all-or-nothing and hill-climb is because the fitness differential from the starting virus to the respiratory droplet transmissible A/H5N1 virus decreases as the number of needed mutations decreases (if some of the mutations are already present in the avian host) (table S2) (6).
An interesting finding in the present study was that mutation on only one allele was needed to alter the arsenic metabolite pattern in males, whereas females needed mutations on both alleles.
A somewhat related idea is that adaptation to the 45°C heat shock might require multiple mutational substitutions, and the robust clones evolved relatively faster because they happened to contain one or more of the needed mutations.
In particular, we need mutations that perturb interdomain contact, exclusively, without perturbing the binding affinity of WW domain residues.
The ColoCarta panel provides a more specific panel for colon cancer mutation detection and greatly reduces the amount of DNA needed for mutation profiling.
We subsequently determined the lowest concentration of mutant DNA in a background of normal DNA needed for mutation detection.
If the needed secondary mutations are sufficiently common and have a sufficient effect on growth, colony appearance is stimulated by secondary mutations that arise with no required increase in mutation rate.
If needed, somatic mutations can then be used to estimate by deep sequencing the fraction of mutated tumor DNA in the plasma.
Lead author David Meyre, an associate professor at McMaster University's Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, told CNN that the paper focused on "monogenic" or "Mendelian" forms of obesity, which mean that people who carry the gene in question only need one mutation in order to develop the disease.
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