Given the lengthy perimeter of coastlines, there is a need for cost-efficient methods for producing high resolution maps of shallow areas.
Application of photosynthetic micro-organisms, such as cyanobacteria and green algae, for the carbon neutral energy production raises the need for cost-efficient photobiological processes.
We start by summarizing recent trends in Internet traffic, which demonstrate the proliferation of multimedia services alongside the strong need for cost-efficient broadband access solutions, such as WiMAX.
Detailed knowledge about the contamination sources is needed for efficient and cost-effective management strategies to minimize fecal contamination in watersheds and foods, evaluation of the effectiveness of best management practices, and system and risk assessment as part of the water and food safety plans recommended by the World Health Organization [ 8, 9].
An intervention needs to be cost efficient and sustainable in the long-term for them to be effective.
The increasing need for energy and cost efficient solutions for thermal and electric supply is giving new life to CHP plants, even for small power sizes.
Although, fog computing, by providing elastic resources and services to end users at the edge of network, emerges as a promising solution, but the upsurge of novel social applications such as crowd sensing has fostered the need for scalable cost-efficient platforms that can enable distributed data analytics, while optimizing the allocation of resources and minimizing the response time.
Although global array-based approaches can provide high resolution data on CNVs in individuals, these methods are limited by low throughput, high cost, and a long turnaround time, and there remains a need for simple, cost-efficient methods to screen chromosomal alterations across larger populations.
With increasing herd sizes in modern agriculture the costs for the control of Salmonella at herd level are increasing, emphasizing the need for more cost-efficient eradication measures.
Construction materials for shelters need to fulfill several functions: They need to be cost-efficient and easy to transport and assemble.
