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Additionally, Sampson and Witmer48 have suggested that Majungasaurus, and possibly other carnotaurines, were "adapted for a mode of predation that entailed relatively few, penetrating bites accompanied by powerful neck retraction, as well as bite-and-hold behaviour".
Conversely, turtles reduced the cervical ribs to achieve any kind of neck retraction.
The control exercise programme consisted of six unspecific movement exercises for the neck and shoulder without any external load (shoulder abduction in the frontal plane, shoulder retraction, shoulder elevation, neck retraction, stretch of upper trapezius and pectoralis major.
Cervical (neck retraction).
Similar(56)
The stretching exercises were the same as used in a previous study [ 10], which comprised retraction of the neck and stretching the following muscles: m. trapezius upper and middle portion, m. sternocleidomastoideus, m. rhomboids, m. pectoralis major, and the flexors and extensors of the wrist.
Open image in new window Fig. 6 Exposure of the acetabulum and retraction of the femoral neck (if it is to be preserved) using the Homann lever supported by the posterior wall.
The interaction of a Dictyostelium cell with a budded yeast is characterized by phases of expansion of the phagocytic cup and retraction to the concave neck of the particle.
It is apparent that fully formed cervical ribs, such as those developed in Proganochelys quenstedti, would be incompatible with any retraction mechanism of the neck; it therefore represents a plesiomorphic evolutionary state.
Six criteria – peak upper neck shear force, peak upper neck moment, peak retraction, the neck injury criterion (NIC) and two normalized neck injury criteria (Nij and Nkm) – exhibited graded responses that were most sensitive to the average acceleration of the collision pulse.
This was performed with video-assisted minimally invasive parathyroidectomy, which relies on a single 15 mm central incision with external retraction and endoscopic magnification, allowing bilateral neck exploration.
Briefly, animals were laid supine and a midline neck incision was made, followed by blunt dissection and retraction of superficial tissue and muscle.
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