The star-like pattern of cladogenesis (figure 1) suggests fast radiation due to selectional forces and/or bottle neck effects.
Since rice is a self-fertilizing plant, one must be careful when forming hypotheses about such introgression steps, which would have required at least several back-crossings during domestication and, so-called, the bottle-neck effect, in which rapid genome-wide fixation of unrelated loci would be observed.
In general, substantial founder and bottle-neck effects have been presumed to occur during the colonization of metallophytes in a heavy metal contaminated area.
Evanescent wave as well as standing wave is considered to investigate the neck's effect on modal properties of the coupled system.
A series of opinion polls confirmed the two campaigns are in effect neck and neck.
Characterization results show that these materials exhibit a large "apparent" surface area (∼1500 m2/g) together with a well-defined mesoporous structure, i.e. large cavities connected to the external surface through narrower mesoporous necks (cavitation effects).
Although strength training seems to be an efficient way of treating patients with neck pain, its effect on HRQoL has not been shown.
Also, other studies have documented active training to have a neck pain reducing effect, but the positive results have been short-lived [ 27, 28].
Previous studies have documented active training to have a neck pain reducing effect, but the positive results have been short-lived [ 25– 28].
Although CD is limited to involuntary muscle spasms of the neck, its detrimental effect on health status is comparable to progressive and generalised conditions clinically perceived to be of greater severity (such as multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease).
