Imputation methods designed for GBS are implemented to incorporate parental data into phasing and, when necessary, impute missing parental genotypes from population data.
Even with that encouragement, Rubin had to fight multiple rounds of testosterone-laden red tape to get even a modest amount of time on the telescope at Mount Palomar to begin measuring the stellar motion necessary to impute what dark matter might be all about.
For two states (Puebla and Oaxaca) it was necessary to impute values at the municipal level.
In Step 2, we test for potential outliers, transform original values if necessary, and impute missing values if appropriate.
The less than daily monitoring during 7 months of the year made it necessary to impute pollution data.
It was not necessary to impute data for the measurement part of the model as respondents could still be assigned to latent classes based on their observed responses.
With this method, a data augmentation step was necessary to impute data for a chosen reference treatment for all studies even if they did not have that treatment arm [ 25].
Because the LUR models did not in all cases cover the full areas where participants resided, except for Vancouver, it was necessary to impute exposures for those outside of the LUR model domain.
Two studies did not perform intention-to-treat analysis, having lost one and two participants to follow-up respectively [ 43, 48]; in each of the other five studies [ 30, 44- 47], the use of "last observation carried forward" was necessary to impute continuous data missing at follow-up.
Hence, while there are gains to be realized in doing so, it is not necessary to impute to and annotate at the highest possible density to realize an increase in power to detect association through the use of functional signatures, a fact we demonstrated empirically above.
