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In particular, in mice, NK cells are required at the pre-erythrocytic stage for the induction of CD8+ T cells necessary for protective immunity against malaria [31].
There is considerable evidence, both in humans and animals that IFN-γ production is necessary for protective immunity against mycobacterial disease [18] [21] and successful chemotherapy of TB is associated with augmented IFN-γ production [22] [24].
Potent T-cell memory is necessary for protective adaptive immunity.
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The guinea pig model, despite limited availability of strain 13 animals, could provide valuable insight into pathogenesis, as well as insights into protective immune responses necessary for protection against primary and secondary arenavirus infections.
Specific proliferative, intracellular cytokine, and ELISPOT responses peaked 2 4 weeks after the last dose and then contracted, establishing a long-lived memory cell pool detectable until 24 weeks after the last immunization, a necessary step for protective immunity [50].
HSP70 is necessary for this protective effect, and constitutive expression of HSP70 is protective against aminoglycoside-induced hair cell death.
This suggested that T cells and B cells were not the source of the protective cytokine nor was signaling in T cells or B cells necessary for the protective effect.
These results suggest BRAF can activate MEK-dependent autophagy (Fig. 4C), which is necessary for the protective role of BRAF in DYNC1I1 deficiency caused neuronal atrophy (Fig. 3F H).
Finally, because of these myriad effects on intra-tumor Tregs, as well as current (Figure 3C) and prior [15], [16], [17] data showing enhancement of Teff function, we attempted to confirm that expression of GITR on both Tregs and Teffs was necessary for the protective effect of DTA-1.
We demonstrate that phosphorylation of serines 188/190 is necessary for the protective effect of collagen.
This procedure was not necessary for the protective group due to its smaller size.
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