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Findings by Lawley et al. [ 26] suggest apoptosis, however, may not be necessary for presentation of these autoantigens at the cell surface after exposure to UV light.
We chose the whole VP2 protein as well as the antigenic peptide so that we could rule out the possibility that sequences flanking the VP2121-130 peptide would be necessary for presentation on MHC class I molecules in the thymus.
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Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are expressed by professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), and are necessary for the presentation of antigenic peptides to CD4 T cells and the subsequent initiation of an adaptive immune response.
"The objection arose at the 11th hour without any opportunity for research and preparation necessary for the presentation of a full and balanced appraisal," he wrote, adding that he and the university's chancellor agreed that reconsideration is "not only the right thing to do, but is our obligation".
In some types of cells of the immune system, such as dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells, particular sensors that detect the UPR seem to be constitutively active in the absence of induction of the traditional UPR gene program and are necessary for antigen presentation and immunoglobulin synthesis.
We previously showed that the expression of the αvβ3 integrin is necessary for exogenous presentation of MMP-2 antigen.
Because of the low expression of MHC class II, B7 and CD40, the essential molecules necessary for antigen presentation, microglia seem to be potential APCs that can mount the immune response in the CNS[3].
A direct role of activated CD4 T cells against infected liver cells is possible, as several cell types present in the liver, such as Kupffer cells, liver dendritic cells, endothelial cells and hepatocytes themselves can express MHC Class II molecules necessary for antigen presentation to CD4 T cells [20].
In DC, the changes in actin cytoskeleton components are essential for the formation of its characteristic dendrites and veils, as well as an immunological synapse necessary for antigen presentation [ 44].
During this whole process, under the selective pressure of antitumor CTL, the tumor can sometimes escape the immune response by losing the expression of genes that are necessary for the presentation of peptides to antitumor T cells.
Proteoglycans released into the synovial fluid by articular degeneration may contribute further to chemoattraction because their presence is necessary for efficient presentation of basic-charged chemokines such as RANTES and SDF-1α to their respective receptors [ 120, 121].
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