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There is, however, no necessary causation between scaleability and outcomes – appropriate implementation scales are not purely determined by technical or financial considerations, rather it is the social scale via which optimum forms of local participation and ownership can be achieved.
Duns Scotus, in contrast, is very critical of Avicenna's theory of necessary causation through the first cause.
While there is no necessary causation between republican theology, nationalism, xenophobia, and racism, I want to suggest that their overlap is also not accidental.
However, one should appreciate the result merely points to association and not necessary causation.
Similar(56)
What enables (i.e., is necessary for) causation is thus held to be responsible for causation (for a similar argument, see Kim 1993a, 22).
So it seems that probability-raising is not necessary for causation.
Unfortunately, common causes can also give rise to cases where this inequality is not necessary for causation either.
Are such studies necessary to prove causation?
Remember that causation, necessary connection, and following-from track each other, according to Spinoza.
A randomized intervention study is necessary to prove causation.
(ii) A second type of study – intervention – is necessary to demonstrate causation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com