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If we define natural selection, however, as a theory that attempts to explain biological change through the expected fitness (propensity for more offspring, which is necessarily arbitrarily defined) of each organism or population, rather than the actual fitness, we are saved from tautology but we are left without a general theory of evolution.
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When seeing the expression "phytotherapy" patients do not necessarily think of the herbal teas and herb containing food supplements they take arbitrarily, without consulting their doctor.
These reasons for rejecting this move are the same sorts of reasons that Brock (1993, pp. 149-150) outlines for not arbitrarily ruling "Necessarily there are many worlds" out of consideration by a fictionalist theory.
The numerical values used are chosen arbitrarily and do not necessarily represent a certain material.
Later, we show that arbitrarily large erasure rates necessarily induce numerical instability in signal reconstruction.
Nakagami-m fading channels to arbitrarily correlated and not necessarily identically distributed (c.n.i.d).
In contrast, the 1 second window used in the LRI was chosen arbitrarily and isn't necessarily matched well for putative motif-repeats, a problem discussed later in the manuscript.
We denote by δ a sufficiently small positive number and by ε an arbitrarily small positive number, not necessarily the same at different occurrences.
The milk concentrations used in these simulations were arbitrarily chosen and do not necessarily reflect specific actual levels of contaminants, although similar POP milk levels were found in the literature (Dewailly et al. 1996; Solomon and Weiss 2002).
"Although it is clear that there is an increased disparity between the highest and lowest earners, arbitrarily raising the floor isn't necessarily the solution and could in fact make the UK economy uncompetitive in the long term.
In "Eco," at the end of each level, the player arbitrarily changes an attribute, though not necessarily one that affects an organism's survival prospects.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com