Generally, due to its multi-component nature, stress relaxation of biofilms can be described by three to four Maxwell or Kelvin Voigt elements (see Fig. 1C) with each element containing a dashpot, responsible of a single time-dependent re-arrangement process, combined with a spring constant, representing the immediate elastic response.
In branched systems, however, the hierarchical nature of relaxations limits direct investigation via these microscopic methods as the dynamic processes are prolongated to much longer relaxation times that are no more accessible to usual dynamic scattering methods.
Depending on the nature of the relaxation effect, it can be monitored by absorption or emission spectroscopy, by fluorometry, or by polarimetry.
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However, it requires exquisite design of the acquisition model and the inversion algorithm due to the fast relaxation nature of the kerogen and bitumen.
It is well known that complex impedance analysis helps in understanding the nature of dielectric relaxation in the material [20] as well as grain and grain boundaries in ceramics.
In theory, it should be possible to determine the wettability of reservoir rock fluid systems by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) due to the surface-sensitive nature of NMR relaxation measurements.
This peak is considered to be caused by dislocation excessive vacancy interaction and is of non-relaxation nature.
The grains can either be pushed apart or pulled together depending on the size of the impurity and the nature of local relaxations which are different for impurities at substitutional and interstitial sites.
The nature of those relaxations at the molecular level is a controversial subject, but our results lead us to suggest thay they correspond to the reorientational motions in the liquid crystalline phase of the longitudinal and transverse components of the dipole moment of the mesogenic side group.
