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We suggest that the river valleys and other local favorable sites were natural refugia where forest elements could survive even during the Last Glacial Maximum.
We did not find any consistent patterns between refuge elements and aspen size or canopy cover suggesting that natural refugia are not aiding in aspen recruitment and that all young aspen were susceptible to browsing.
Third, in conjunction with the landscape-level surveys, we identified possible natural refugia, microsites containing downed logs, shrubs etc. that may inhibit elk browsing by physically blocking aspen from elk or by impeding elk's ability to move through the forest patch.
Isolated populations such as these that survive in natural refugia are of great interest for genetic studies and pre-breeding applications in rice improvement because they are likely to harbor variation rarely seen in cultivated rice.
This population outbreak was compounded by a drought, which eliminated natural refugia in wild grasses, concentrating larval populations onto irrigated maize crops.
Thus, although infections of humans are unlikely to occur from pig-derived parasite populations, these populations won't act as natural refugia either unless at some point they come into contact with human derived worms.
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This Toolbox investigates strategies including vaccines, bioactive forages, pasture/grazing management, behavioural management, natural immunity, FAMACHA, Refugia and strategic drenching, mineral/vitamin supplementation, copper Oxide Wire Particles (COWPs), breeding and selection/selecting resistant and resilient individuals, biological control and anthelmintic drugs.
Mortality imposed by natural enemies in the refugia was based on a power law fitted to these data.
Polymorphisms were assessed on four natural populations from the two refugia in China.
The molecular variation was correlated with the natural distribution in two postulated refugia areas, i.e. the Upper Guinea and Lower Guinea/Congo regions, separated by the Dahomey Gap.
Large, unsprayed conventional refugia with control of pests by natural enemies could provide good resistance management under damage-avoiding oviposition, if we assumed there was also some density-dependent mortality in the Bt portion of the crop.
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