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Would the nature of sport be altered if athletes using artificial limbs could run faster or jump higher than the best athletes using their natural limbs?
"Given the arms race nature of competition," will technological advantages cause "athletes to do something as seemingly radical as having their healthy natural limbs replaced by artificial ones?" wrote George Dvorsky, a member of the institute's board of directors.
State of the art prosthetic devices – essentially wearable intelligent robots – could soon outperform our natural limbs, raising new concerns that the technology could become available to individuals who may wish to trade in their healthy body parts for a prosthesis.
Artificial arms and legs have been developed that are attached to the severed nerves in an amputee's stump, and can thus be moved the way natural limbs are, simply by thinking about it.
Unlike natural limbs, there is no need to compromise for general use.
But for specialised legs, he admits that "we are on the verge of building prosthetics that can outcompete natural limbs".
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Neurally controlled prosthetics that cosmetically and functionally mimic amputated limbs remain a clinical need because state of the art neural prosthetics only provide a fraction of a natural limb's functionality.
In practice, above-knee amputees will not be permitted to ride unless their residual natural limb reaches the edge of the seat (or at least includes a knee), even if the lock-bar appears to successfully engage the limb.
Our hypothesis suggests that long-term use of a BMI would lead to its incorporation into internal models that would facilitate the accurate operation of the external actuator as if it was a natural limb.
However, natural upper limb movements take place in 3D space, sometimes with high underlying forces.
Since mass distribution determines a limb's natural period, more distal limb centers of mass (COM) lead to longer swing durations, and therefore longer strides and lower stride frequencies (Holt et al., 1990; Preuschoft and Günther, 1994; Raichlen, 2004; Raichlen, 2008).
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