Exact(8)
Native participants believed any information-providing system to be less useful than non-native participants did.
All native participants were in possession of a Dutch driver's license and had more than 1 year of driving experience.
Twenty native participants were asked to listen to ten randomly chosen pairs of synthesized speech samples generated by two different systems (selected arbitrarily among HMEM1, HMEM2, and HSMM).
A post-hoc analysis indicates that only the native participants show a significant effect for the way information is provided (F 1,11) = 4.2, P < 0.028).
The small difference that was found indicates that the native participants evaluated the information-providing systems as less useful than did the non-natives (Fig. 3).
The IFE of 0.014 for aptitude tests three months after program start, for example, means, that participating immigrants have on average a 1.4 percentage points larger treatment effect than native participants with identical socio-demographic characteristics.
Similar(52)
If there is little or no comprehension during a call, then non-native participants may as well not participate.
A confounding factor may be the level of education, which was generally lower for non-native participants.
This might be attributed to a genuine difference between the two groups, because the non-native participants would benefit more from such a system.
Finally, non-native participants scored significantly higher in NSPS t 984) = -3.04, p = 0.002 than natives.
In trials that included foreign workers, first language and education levels could be considered as possible biases because there is a possibility that non-native participants did not fully understand the content and instructions for the tests, which could lead to their obtaining a lower score than native speakers.
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