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Native participants believed any information-providing system to be less useful than non-native participants did.
The small difference that was found indicates that the native participants evaluated the information-providing systems as less useful than did the non-natives (Fig. 3).
Twenty native participants were asked to listen to ten randomly chosen pairs of synthesized speech samples generated by two different systems (selected arbitrarily among HMEM1, HMEM2, and HSMM).
A post-hoc analysis indicates that only the native participants show a significant effect for the way information is provided (F 1,11) = 4.2, P < 0.028).
All native participants were in possession of a Dutch driver's license and had more than 1 year of driving experience.
The estimated treatment effect of native participants who are matched on all relevant labor market characteristics to immigrant participants in short-term training programs can serve as an approximation.
The IFE of 0.014 for aptitude tests three months after program start, for example, means, that participating immigrants have on average a 1.4 percentage points larger treatment effect than native participants with identical socio-demographic characteristics.
111 Two other studies concerning Alaska Native participants (age range from 11 to 18) 86 and people with a mental illness (age range from 16 to 23) 103 included younger people as participants.
Ten participants from the native Chinese group and one participant from the non-native participant group did not complete these additional behavioral assessments.
If there is little or no comprehension during a call, then non-native participants may as well not participate.
A confounding factor may be the level of education, which was generally lower for non-native participants.
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