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Ultrastructural analysis showed that the aminated group contains abundant granular substances resembling the extracellular matrix of native nucleus pulposus.
Furthermore, amination of collagen increased the GAG/hydroxyproline ratio in the co-precipitate to >4.5, approaching that of native nucleus pulposus.
The incorporation of polymeric reinforcement within the gels increased material stiffness to that comparable to the native nucleus pulposus, however permeability was significantly greater than native values.
The hydrogels were designed according to the following criteria: (i), they should exhibit adequate radiopacity; (ii), they should be non-cytotoxic; (iii), implantation in the dry state and subsequent swelling in situ to fill the entire nucleus cavity; (iv), after swelling they should match the physical mechanical properties of the native nucleus.
Additional studies have also established the expression of NGF in native nucleus pulposus (NP) and AF cells which increases after stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines which have been identified in IVD degeneration [ 17].
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Several approaches have successfully used the coculturing of stem cells with disc-native nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) with the evidence of transformed BMSCs into NP-like cells, increased activity and matrix production by NPCs, or elements of both.
(A ) Genome browser view of MNase-seq input signal from embryonic nuclei (native), total adult nuclei (dimethylformamide fixed), and adult muscle nuclei (dimethylformamide fixed).
Eyholzer et al. synthesized one kind of photoreactive nanomaterials, which could mimic the swelling and mechanical behavior of the native human nucleus pulposus [ 21].
This confirmed our biochemically derived conclusions and revealed a clearly filamentous, interconnected actin network inside these native oocyte nuclei (Supplementary Figure 9).
For native ChIPs nuclei were extracted and isolated over a sucrose cushion, resuspended in MNase buffer (0.32 M sucrose, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 4 mM MgCl2, 1 mM CaCl2) and digested with 10 U MNase (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA) for at least 15 min at 37°C, so that mononuceosomes were released.
Protein engineering and kinetic (ϕF-value) analysis of a series of Uβ4 mutants shows that the hairpin extension of Uβ4 is also significantly populated in the transition state (ϕF-values >0.7) and has the effect of templating the formation of native contacts in the folding nucleus of ubiquitin.
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