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When applications execute native methods, variable taint tags are patched on return.
Android contains two types of native methods: internal VM methods (see "Appendix B") and JNI methods (see "Appendix C").
To help system engineers identify the location, we implemented a feature using page protection that prevents threads executing native methods from referring to the JVM heap.
The worst performance loss was 54%, which was recorded for a benchmark item that calls native methods 2.0×106 times per second.
We identified 185 internal VM methods in Android version 2.1; however, only five required patching: the System.arraycopy native method for copying array contents and several native methods implementing Java reflection.
The performance loss was less than 2% for the benchmark items that do not call native methods so frequently (∼104 times per second) and 5%20%% for the benchmark items that do (104 105 times per second).
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The runtime overhead for using this feature depends on the frequency of native method calls because the protection is switched on each time a native method is called.
JP2 supports selective profiling of the dynamic extent of chosen methods and supports profiling of native method invocations.
The taint interface invokes a native method (2) that interfaces with the Dalvik VM interpreter, storing specified taint markings in the virtual taint map.
This feature protects the JVM heap during native method execution; if the heap is referred to invalidly, it interrupts the execution by generating a page-fault exception.
There are multiple spanning methods, of which two are particularly common, namely the ZigBee native method (or Minimum Spanning Tree, MST) and Stojmenovič algorithm (or Local MST algorithms, LMST), as described in [1 3].
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