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A plant pathologist, Dr. Sands came to the field of bioherbicides in his search for a way to treat exotic plants from Asia that run rampant through Western range land because they are unchecked by native enemies.
Exotic species have been hypothesized to successfully invade new habitats by virtue of possessing novel biochemistry that repels native enemies.
The enemy release hypothesis postulates that non-native plants entering novel environments will escape their co-evolved, native enemies and that this escape frees resources and facilitates the spread of exotic plants [6], [7].
The novel weapons hypothesis, for example, proposes that exotic species gain a competitive advantage in their new range because native enemies are not adapted to detoxifying their novel biochemistry [8], [9].
Anti-herbivore defenses may be evolutionarily novel but ineffective given that they evolved to repel enemies and competitors in the old but not the new range, whereas native plants may in fact be better defended than exotics because they have long experienced natural selection from their co-occurring native enemies [5], [11].
Exotic plant species may escape from their native enemies, but might become increasingly exposed to enemies in the new range as time since introduction increases.
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When the ex-dictator Hosni Mubarak fought his native Islamist enemies in the 1990s, he miraculously survived 15 murder attempts, one of them in Addis Ababa, at least two of them by soldiers belonging to the same Egyptian army from whose ranks came President Anwar Sadat's killers in 1981.
On most annual crops, omnivorous heteropteran predators comprise the main assemblage of native natural enemies.
There is no evidence that native natural enemies attacking eggs of the exotic BMSB were more prevalent in landscapes with native ornamental trees and shrubs than those with exotic trees and shrubs.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com