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The main nasal response outcome measures were inflammatory mediators and virus quantity.
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Finally, in a cohort of patients with chronic sinusitis who were challenged with nasal allergen provocation tests, 41 positive nasal responses occurred in 29 patients.
This was a prospective observational cohort study comparing nasal responses (virus quantity, host defense factors) to standard doses of LAIV in individuals with varying exposures to tobacco smoke.
Serum and nasal HI and neutralizing antibody responses consisted of HA-specific IgG and IgA antibody responses, with IgG and IgA antibodies being dominant in serum and nasal responses, respectively.
Of the 41 nasal responses, 31 were associated with radiographic changes on Water's view sinus radiographs, including increased mucosal edema and opacification of the sinuses, suggesting that nasal allergens trigger changes in the mucosal membranes of patients with sinusitis.
We found that local nasal responses to LAIV in healthy young smokers differed from those in nonsmokers not exposed to SHS, including suppression of a normally robust IL-6 response and increased virus quantity.
Graudenz et al. argued that sudden temperature changes caused more inflammatory nasal responses [ 21], which may also explain some of the mechanisms associated with the DTR effect on asthma.
This reflects the nasal vasoconstrictive response to prolonged inhalation of dry air [ 4, 5].
A significant nasal inflammatory response may be unlikely given that there was no inflammation in the lung after 12 days of exposure (Table 1).
Considering an increase of the blinking frequency as an indicator of eye irritation together with the nasal biomarker response, it is possible that 3-MF might have mucosal effects in both the eyes and the airways.
Short-term exposure to house dust with high concentrations of DEHP has attenuating effects on human nasal immune response in HDM-allergic subjects, concerning both gene expression and cytokines.
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